IRISH AND SCOTTISH GENEALOGY
(INFORMATION OF RELATED PEOPLES)
Clifton A. Emahiser’s
Teaching Ministries
1012 N. Vine Street, Fostoria, OH 44830
Many have heard,
and are very familiar with, the terms "Irish" and "Scottish",
and really don’t know the difference between the two. The Irish
and Scots are really the same people except they arrived in
Britain two thousand years apart. The ancestors of the Irish
arrived in Britain about 1600 B.C., while the Scots arrived
about 501 A.D. It is simply amazing that two groups of the same
people would wander through the earth and end up locating within
a few miles from each other two thousand years later in Britain.
Because there are two different groups of the same peoples
concerned here, we will have to treat them separately even
though they came from the same family. We will first investigate
the background of the Irish.
The Irish are a
very ancient people, and their history covers a large span of
time. If we will take the time to do a little arithmetic, we
will soon see we are talking about approximately 3,500 years or
better. With the United States being 223 years old (1999), you
can see the Irish history is about 18 times as old as we are.
When one considers all the things that have happened since 1776,
it is staggering to imagine what has happened to the Irish
people over a period of 3,500 years.
It all started
when a very grand lady by the name of Tamar had twin boys by her
father-in-law. A lot of people judge Tamar as a woman with a low
moral reputation. This is because they don’t know all the
details of this complicated story. In the birthing process, it
appeared that the one twin (Zerah) was going to be born first as
he put out his hand. The midwife put a scarlet thread around his
hand to mark the firstborn child. To the midwife’s amazement,
the other twin (Pharez) proceeded to come out first. It was
always of the utmost importance to identify the firstborn in the
case of twins, for the firstborn received the birthright. Today,
both the Irish and Scots claim the emblem of the hand with the
scarlet thread (or the red hand), showing they are of the Zerah
branch of Judah. To bring you this 3,500 year old history, I
will be quoting from various authors who have written various
phases of this history.
If you will remember,
Judah (and I am not talking about "Jews") was to be the royal tribe,
Genesis 49:9-12:
9 Judah is a lion’s whelp: from the prey, my son, thou art gone up: he
stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion;
who shall rouse him up? 10 The sceptre shall not depart from
Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come;
and unto him shall the gathering of the people be. 11 Binding his
foal unto the vine, and his ass’s
colt unto the choice vine; he washed his garments in wine, and his
clothes in the blood of grapes: 12 His eyes shall be red with wine,
and his teeth white with milk.
With this passage, we
can already see more symbology of Judah appearing. To get started
with this almost forgotten history of the Irish (as being Zerah
Judah), I will quote from Father Abraham’s Children, by Perry
Edward Powell, Ph. D., pages 98-101;
Let us put it in a
different way, here is the beginning of royalty. What else does
scepter mean? Judah led in the conquest of Canaan and received the
first and choicest portion. David raised it to pre-eminence over the
tribes and the nations. He is the first king of the Judah-Pharez
line, and he did not appear for seven hundred years. Was there and
is there an older line of royalty? The answer is, Yes. The
Judah-Zerah [line] was royal from the beginning. The two royalties
are now merged and have been for centuries in the British royal
house. And how long shall we have royalty? ‘Until Shiloh comes.’
[The future] Shiloh came to Bethlehem, the first Advent, and will
come again [as Shiloh] at the end of time, the second Advent.
Royalty is eternal. The throne of David is everlasting. There is no
royalty in Europe but descends from Judah. And the Judah-Zerah
royalty is, we repeat, seven hundred years older than Judah-Pharez
because it began at once. You can read Genesis 38 to see how royalty
began [but there is much more to talk about].
Another great event
is recorded in Genesis 46:12, [if we dare mention it]. Here we can
read the census of those of the family of Jacob who went with him
into Egypt, eventually into Egyptian bondage though they did not
know it at the time. Pharez took with him his two sons,
(which did not include Shelah). Now Zerah went alone. No son
accompanied him. We will see where the son later traveled. Here is
the inference and the conclusion, The Trojan-Welsh by-passed the
Egyptian captivity, and all other captivities and have never
been in slavery to any man, in any land, at any time.
(Slight changes or
additions in brackets above.)
Zerah’s son Ethan, very
wise, and indeed this line of Judah-Zerah is the only royal line
termed wise, on the other hand led his people north, from Egypt
where he was born, into what is now Asia Minor, and his son Mahol
continued likewise. Mahol’s heir, Darda, reached the western shore,
where on a commanding site, he founded the metropolis of Troy. The
date is 1520 B.C. Here the city flourished for nearly four hundred
years. Darda first saw the straits that separated Europe and Asia
and gave them his name, Dardanelles. Darda also founded a fort here
that is named after him. But the greatest honor is recorded in the
Bible, Solomon was ‘wiser than all men; than ... Darda the son of
Mahol.’ Thus great was the founder of Troy and the sire of the
Trojan race whose children abide with us still. Troy fell because
her sons had an eye for the refined and beautiful in woman (sic).
Her descendants have that exquisite eye still and are naturally very
proud of the accomplishment. ...
When Troy fell she
did so to arise on another shore in eternal and imperial splendor. I
am not referring to Italy. That empire though long was ephemeral
(short-lived). Italy is an interlude only. Aeneas, a member of the
old royal family, attained the kingship, led the saddened Trojans
around the Mediterranean Sea, as graphically described in the
Aenead, and finally brought them to their new home on the Tiber in
Italy. Including this Italian interlude, the Trojan period embraced
417 years.
Here on the Tiber
happened a very sad event, too sad to be recalled, and would not be
except for its denouement (final outcome). Brutus was one day
hunting with his father Silvius, when he spied the prey, as he
thought, and let fly an arrow. On running up he was shocked and
grieved to find that he had killed his own father! Some people then,
as now, were censorious and Brutus departed from the new colony,
from which later sprang Rome, and with his royal followers, went to
Greece, rallied the enslaved Trojans, defeated King Pendrasus, thus
erasing the defeat of Troy, and as victor exacted these terms; he
must give his daughter Ignoge for wife, furnish a big fleet of ships
fully provisioned, for his emigrant force of seven thousand men, and
free permission for them to sail unmolested. ...
Brutus, now with an
object and direction, steered west through the straits (pillars) of
Hercules, then northward along the east Atlantic main, across the
English Channel to the present river Dart, and up its stream to
Totnes where stepping on a large stone he landed on the great island
which was ever to bear his name as a memorial among the proud
nations of the world. This rock, more famous throughout the
centuries than Plymouth Rock, is marked as Brutus Rock, and has been
visited perennially by people of all nations, all ranks, and all
ages. With his people he explored the whole island and he
apportioned to each one according to his rank and services. At last
he decided the proper place for his capital, a choice bank of the
Thames river, so named for a stream, Thyamis, in Epirus from which
he first sailed, and there he built his metropolis, and according to
the advice of the oracle, he named it Tri Novantum, New Troy. This
name it bore for over eleven hundred years when King Lud at the
beginning of the Christian era built her walls and renamed her
Luddun, Lud’s wall, easily refined into London. London is also
derived by some from Llandin, meaning ‘Sacred eminence.’ London
dates from three hundred-fifty years before Rome. Why should Rome be
called the Eternal City?
If you are of Irish
or Scottish descent, this history, as told here, may seem strange
and wonderfully astonishing. I am sure many of you have never heard
anything quite like this, or were never taught anything remotely
comparable in school. We really shouldn’t take the word of one
writer concerning this history though. In the booklet, Our
Neglected Heritage, "The Magnet of The Isles", by Gladys Taylor,
vol. 3, page 27 we read this:
The Reverend William
Milner, in his chart of The Royal House of Britain, gives the two
grandsons of Judah, Calcol and Darda, as Cecrops and Dardanos. The
more we study the classical references to these founders of cities,
dynasties and legal systems, the more they appear to resemble Calcol
and Darda, who were the children of Zarah, a migrating section of
the family of Judah, the sceptre tribe. Were the grandsons of Judah
beginning to put into effect the responsibilities of their tribe as
kings and administrators? ...
After the fall of
Troy, the royal house of Dardanos was divided and scattered. Caesar
claimed descent from Aeneas and Virgil wrote the Aeneid to proclaim
this fact. From Ascanius Julius, son of Aeneas and Creusa, daughter
of Priam King of Troy, came the Julian family of Rome and also
Brutus the Trojan, grandson of Ascanius, who gathered together a
band of Trojan exiles, soon after the fall of Troy and traveled
westward to Britain. This could have been a considerable migration.
From a wealth of Greek and Latin literature dealing with the
departure of the Trojans, notably the Trojan Cycle, listed by
Proclus in the second century A.D., we gather that Aeneas departed
from Mount Ida with 88,000 Trojans and built a fleet of 332 vessels.
We leave Aeneas in Italy and follow Brutus and his companions to
Britain.
What this information
is telling you is, if you are Irish you are directly related to the
Trojans, or if you are Scottish, you are indirectly related,
and both the Irish and Scottish are direct descendants of Judah, or
Israelites. And what may seem more astounding, the so-called "Jews"
are not now, nor ever were Israelites. They are actually descendants
of Cain the murderer!
LONG BEFORE THERE WAS
EITHER A PROTESTANT OR ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, THERE EXISTED AN IRISH
CHURCH
This is a true story
which very few have any knowledge of today. The facts of its
existence have been almost totally erased from history. Although,
almost forgotten by those who should be concerned the most, there is
substantial evidence extant to prove it's existence beyond all
doubt. Actually the Irish church was established in 37 A.D. To have
an understanding of the Irish church is an all important fact in
understanding Irish genealogy. To get started with this phase of our
perusal (study), I am going to quote again from the book, Father
Abraham’s Children, by Perry Edwards Powell, Ph. D., pages
140-142:
Now we come to the
missionary movement of Joseph of Arimathea, who was appointed by
Philip the apostle. After the passion of his Nephew, persecution
fell heavily upon the infant church. The Jew and the Roman were
bitter persecutors but he knew where there was no persecution, but
protection. However, he was seized, and since the Jew could not kill
[under the Law directly], he and Lazarus and Mary and Martha his
sisters, Mary Magdalene, Marcella, Maximin, and others, all objects
of especial Jewish hostility, were ‘exposed to the sea in a vessel
without sail or oars.’ They drifted to Marseilles, southern Gaul,
where they arrived in a famished condition. The Arimathean knew the
territory and friendly traders, and was aided on his way, the
destination of which was now Britain. Here they eventually arrived
and came to rest in Ynis Avalon, Glastonbury, where he rested and
soon began his labors for his Nephew. The year was 37 A.D. On his
tomb is the epitaph: Ad Britannos veni post Christum sepelivi
— Docui —
Quievi. ‘I came to the Britons after I had buried the Christ. I
taught. I have entered on my rest.’
Thus was established
the first above ground church in the world at Glastonbury, in
Britain. I am sure there are many who have never heard this
particular story of Joseph of Arimathea, and fewer yet understand
its importance. For more insight on Joseph of Arimathea, I will
quote, The Traditions of Glastonbury, by E. Raymond Capt
M.A., page 22:
Several ancient
manuscripts indicate that after the Passion of Christ, Joseph of
Arimathea was commissioned by St. Philip, the Apostle, to take the
Gospel to Britain. One such manuscript is the ‘Victory of Aurelius
Ambrosius’ by Gildas Albanicus. It asserts plainly that Britain
received the Gospel in the time of Emperor Tiberius, and that Joseph
was sent, with others (after the dispersion of the Disciples) to
Britain by St. Philip. There, Joseph was to lay the foundation of
the Christian religion. The author gives the date ‘about the year of
Our Lord 63’ and adds that Joseph stayed in Britain the rest of his
life.
Another manuscript,
‘De Antiquities of Glastonbury’ (1908), contains this entry in the
opening chapter: ‘St. Philip ... coming into the country of the
Franks to preach ... converted to the Faith, and baptized them.
Working to spread Christ’s word, he chose twelve from among his
disciples, and sent them into Britain. Their leader, it was said,
was St. Philip’s dearest friend, Joseph of Arimathea, who buried the
Lord.’ (Translated from ‘De Antiquite Glastonbiensis Ecclesia’ 1240)
We can see from this,
that outside of a few at Jerusalem, the Gospel was first
preached in Britain. This brings up one of the most misunderstood,
one of the most misrepresented, and one of the most misquoted
passages of Scripture in the Bible. Almost everyone misunderstands
it, or has a twisted conception of its meaning. This Scripture is
Romans 1:16 which reads, (KJV):
For I am not ashamed
of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation
to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the
Greek.
It’s not talking
about the Canaanite "Jews" here, it’s speaking of the Judahites in
Britain, and they got the Gospel message first just as it says! It
should say: To the Tribe of Judah in Jerusalem and in Britain
first, and also the Greek, and they were all Israelites, and
nothing but Israelites! It was through Judah in Britain that the
Gospel message was sent to all the other Israelite tribes. The few
of Judah at Jerusalem, at this time, are hardly worth mentioning.
For more documentation, we turn to the book, St. Joseph of
Arimathea At Glastonbury, by Lionel Smithett Lewis, pages 92-93:
Cardinal Baronius,
the great Church historian, and most learned librarian of the
Vatican, in his Ecclesiastical Annals, on which he spent 30
years, under the year A.D. 35, states that in that year Joseph of
Arimathea, Lazarus. Mary, Martha, Marcella, their maid, and Maximin
(blind from birth until healed by Yahshua) a disciple, were put by
the Jews into a boat without sails and oars, and floated down the
Mediterranean and landed at Marseilles, and thence Joseph and his
company crossed into Britain, and preached the Gospel there, and
finally died there.
FIRST IRISH CULDEE
CHURCH ALMOST DIES OUT
In the book, St.
Joseph Of Arimathea At Glastonbury, by Lionel Smithett Lewis, it
says this of King Lucius, (page 35):
St. Joseph’s little
circle of twelve disciples was kept going by anchorites (hermits)
— as
one died another was appointed; but in [the] course of time a
certain slackness seems to have come over them. William of
Malmesbury tells us that the holy spot at length became a covert of
wild beasts. Then in the days of Good King Lucius aforesaid came a
revival. Llewrug Mawr, Llewrug the Great (grandson of Saint Cyllinus
and great-grandson of Caractacus), nicknamed Lleiver Mawr or the
great luminary (hence his Latinized name of Lux or Lucius), was king
of Britain in the middle and towards the end of the 2nd
century. He increased the Light that the first missionaries, the
disciples of Christ, had brought, by sending emissaries to
Eleutherius, Bishop of Rome, requesting him to send missionaries to
Britain. The Welsh Triads tell us that Eleutherius, in response,
sent Dyfan and Fagan, Medwy and Elfan, all of them British names in
A.D. 167.
Actually, the "Bishop
of Rome" spoken of here, at this time, was of the British church at
Rome (Basilica Di Pudenziana) from where King Lucius received
"missionaries." British king Caractacus’ daughter (Claudia), married
Pudens of 2 Tim. 4:21, all of whom were converted by the influence
of the Irish British church, of which the Apostle Paul had direct
contact. It is obvious that the entire history of Britain cannot be
presented in this format, therefore I will give a general outline
during this period:
1.
B.C. 55. Invasion of Britain by Rome under Julius Caesar.
1.
A.D. 37. Joseph of Arimathea establishes first above ground
church in the world at Glastonbury, in Britain.
1.
A.D. 43. Edict of Emperor Claudius to exterminate Christian
Britain.
1.
A.D. 52. Caractacus taken prisoner to Rome along with
Bran, his three sons, and daughters — including Linus and Claudia of
2 Tim. 4:21.
1.
A.D. 53. Pudens and Claudia (Gladys) of 2 Tim. 4:21 marry.
1.
A.D. 60. The Boadicean War.
1.
A.D. 156. Good King Lucius, by edict, proclaims Britain the
first Christian nation.
1.
A.D. 290-300. The Diocletian persecution.
1.
A.D. 306, At Britain, at his father's death, Constantine
declares himself Emperor of Rome.
1.
A.D. 411. Rome withdraws troops from Britain.
1.
A.D. 449. Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain for the
next two centuries driving the British Culdee Celts to the extreme
west.
We read the next
sequel, from The Origin and Early Christianity In Britain, by
Andrew Gray, D.D., pages 60-62:
THE BRITISH CELTIC
CHURCH ALMOST FADES FROM VIEW
But the whole of the
western part of the country remained un- conquered. Strathclyde,
including the country from the Clyde to the Dee, the Kingdom of
Cumbria; North Wales, or Cambria; South Wales, and Devon and
Cornwall, with part of Somerset and the sacred Avàlon, remained
purely British. This land the English called Welsh-land, or the
"Land of the Foreigner", Welsh being the name which the Germans
applied to all nations speaking languages of Latin descent ... and
they found that all was lost, then, in A.D. 587, they were forced by
persecution to fly and join their brethren in Wales.
To those parts we
must now look for the Primitive Church of Britain. It was
shut off from, and perhaps to a considerable extent forgotten by,
the larger portion of Christendom; but it now formed a closer
alliance with the sister Churches of Ireland and Scotland. It was
conscious of no submission to any foreign Church, but gazed
fondly back to Jerusalem and the Holy Land rather than to Rome.
It had its own Liturgy, its own customs, its own peculiar (although
erroneous) cycle of computing Easter.
(Note: If they were
keeping Passover at the time of the full moon regardless of the day
of the week, as in the East, it was not erroneous.) It was
orthodox in faith. It had, as we learn from Gildas, a regularly
ordained Episcopate. It believed its Bishops to be the successors
of the Apostles, and its priests claimed the power to bind and
loose. ...
It is of the greatest
importance that we should gather all the information possible
concerning the Church in Wales, and get as definite an idea of it as
we can. There are, unfortunately, those who erroneously suppose that
the link between the early British Church and the Church of England
of the present day, was broken by the Saxon invasion; and that the
present Church of England arose in the time of Augustine, deriving
its origin from Rome through him, and not, as we are bound to
maintain, from the Apostles and Jerusalem in unbroken, continuous
descent, through the British or Celtic Church. ... The Saxon
invasion had destroyed civilization and Christianity in the larger
part of England proper, but a remnant was driven westward, and found
its home in Wales. ...
THE BRITISH CELTIC
CHURCH REBOUNDS TO LIFE AGAIN
The Celtic church was
finally driven to the extreme west of the region because of the two
hundred years of Saxon invasions. The Saxons were, by this time, in
possession of over 75% of the land. It appeared, again, the light
might flicker and finally go out on the church which was started by
Joseph of Arimathea, but suddenly the light recovered to shine even
brighter. For this part of the story, I will quote from a secular
source of history, The Story Of Civilization, Part IV, "The
Age Of Faith", by Will Durant, page 532:
As Germanic invasions
of Gaul and Britain had driven scholars from those lands to Ireland,
so now the wave returned, the debt was paid; Irish missionaries
flung themselves upon the victorious pagan Angles, Saxons,
Norwegians, and Danes in England, and upon the illiterate and
half-barbarous Christians of Gaul and Germany. with the Bible in
one hand and classic manuscripts in the other; and for a time it
seemed that the Celts would win back through Christianity the lands
they had lost to force. It was in the Dark Ages that the Irish
spirit shone with its strongest light.
The greatest of these
missionaries was St. Columba. We know him well through the biography
written (c. 679) by Adamnan, one of his successors at Iona. Columba
was born at Donegal in 521, of royal stock; ... he was a saint who
could have been a king. At school in Moville he showed such devotion
that his schoolmaster named him Columbkille
— Column of the
Church. From the age of twenty-five he founded a number of churches
and monasteries, of which the most famous were at Derry, Durrow, and
Kells. But he was a fighter as well as a saint, "a man of powerful
frame and mighty voice"; his hot temper drew him into many quarrels,
at last into war with King Diarmuid a battle was fought in which, we
are told, 5000 men were killed; Columba, though victorious, fled
from Ireland (563), resolved to convert as many souls as had fallen
in that engagement at Cooldrevna. He now founded on the island of
Iona, off the west coast of Scotland, one of the most illustrious of
medieval monasteries. Thence he and his disciples brought the Gospel
to the Hebrides, Scotland, and northern England. And there, after
converting thousands of pagans and illuminating 300 "noble books",
he died, in prayer at the altar, in his seventy-eighth year.
THEN ENTERS AUGUSTINE
You will notice in
the last paragraph above, the Celtic missionaries converted northern
Saxons in England, but not the southern Saxons. To convey the story
of how they were converted to Roman Catholicism, I will relate the
story from the book, The Horizon History Of Christianity, by
Roland H. Bainton, pages 142-143:
Augustine commenced
in Kent under the favor of Queen Bertha, a Christian queen
(Merovingian French princess, obviously a British Celtic convert)
eager to convert her pagan husband. King Ethelbert was willing to
grant Augustine an audience but only out of doors, where Augustine
would be less able to exercise what the king supposed were magical
powers; for he was reputed to be able to make tails grow on the
backs of those with whom he was displeased. The king was so far
persuaded that he granted land for the foundation of a monastery at
Canterbury, ever after to be the seat of the English primate.
The reason, today, we
are so unaware of the fact that the British church was the true
church established by Joseph of Arimathea, by the direction of St.
Philip, is because most all the records have been destroyed. There
have been enough records to survive, though, to establish beyond all
doubt that the church of Britain (not to be confused with the
present day Anglican Church of England) was the true church, before
being Romanized. For this reason most everyone has assumed
that the true church was the Roman Catholic Church, which is
entirely false. Neither the Roman Catholic Church nor her Protestant
daughters represent the true church established by our Messiah.
There was a church established at Rome, and Linus (the son of
Caractacus) was appointed by the Apostle Paul to be the first
Bishop, and it was not related in any way to the Roman Catholic
Church, ever! It was called, Basilica Di Pudenziana (also the
Palace of the British). I will quote from, The Drama of the Lost
Disciples, concerning this true British church at Rome, by George F. Jowett, page 125:
The church still
stands and can be seen in what was once the palatial grounds of the
Palatium Britannicum, a memorial to the Christianizing endeavors of
St. Paul and the expatriate (exiled) royal British family at Rome
with Rufus Pudens. The church is recorded in Roman history under
four different names: 1. Palatium Britannicum; 2. Titulus; 3.
Hospitium Apostolorum; 4. Lastly, as St. Pudentiana in honour and
memory of the martyred daughter of Claudia Pudens, by which name it
is known to this day.
KING HENRY II SOLD
OUT THE CELTIC CHURCH TO ROME
For this information,
I am going to quote from the book The Origin and Early History of
Christianity In Britain, by Andrew Gray, D.D., pages
88-89:
It will be seen that
the transaction, on the part of the Roman Pontiff at least, was of
the most deliberate and carefully calculated kind. It is a little
marvellous (sic) that Romanists of to-day in Ireland are so ill at
ease under English rule. ...Henry, under various pretexts, with
the sanction and approval of the Pope, took his armies to Ireland.
The Irish chiefs, taken singly, soon submitted to him, and paid him
homage. The Bishops agreed to an ecclesiastical union with the
Church of England. Then Henry, to suit his own ends, handed
over the Irish Church to the Pope of Rome. By these
unwarranted acts schism was introduced, and Bishops and priests were
appointed by order of the Pope. A few of the Bishops still
continued to assert an independent position, and offered here and
there a spasmodic resistance, but the independence of the Celtic
Church was gone. She had been betrayed by the King of England
and the Pope of Rome. Irish national independence, and Irish
ecclesiastical independence terminated practically together, and in
both cases by fraud and grasping usurpation. The fate was
sealed when Gelasius, Archbishop of Armagh, visited Dublin in 1172,
and made his formal submission to King Henry II. From this
date to the Reformation the papacy held sway, and the history of the
350 years which followed the Synod of Cashel
— when the Irish
Church agreed to an ecclesiastical union with the English —
is indeed a dreary one.
ROMAN CATHOLICISM
SITS ON A FALLACIOUS FOUNDATION
For information
pertaining to "The Donation Of Constantine" I will quote from:
The Horizon History Of Christianity, by Roland H. Bainton, pages
243-244:
We do find skepticism of a sort in the form of historical criticism used to expose the spuriousness of famous forgeries and to examine sacred documents critically. Historical criticism was a by-product of studies by the Humanists, whose profound interest in the antique encouraged a pure Latin style. Through their comparison of classical and medieval Latin, there arose an awareness of philological (study in literature and linguistic) development. "The Donation of Constantine", upon which the papacy long based its claims to dominion, was exposed as a forgery by Lorenzo Valla. The language, he pointed out, was not that of the age of Constantine. In the document there were references to the iconoclastic controversy of the eighth century. Documents of the period of Constantine never once mentioned the Donation, and at no time during that emperor’s reign did the popes actually exercise the authority Constantine was supposed to have bestowed upon them. Valla disproved also the common assumption that the Apostles’ Creed was the work of the twelve apostles. More daring was his application of historical, critical methods to the study of the Bible, even though he came up with no startling conclusions. As far as the Church was concerned, Valla’s demonstrations were not especially disturbing. She could survive the exposure of forgery. (See also, The Story Of Civilization; Part IV, "The Age Of Faith", by Will Durant, pages 525-526, along with footnote.)
Clifton A. Emahiser’s
Teaching Ministries
1012 N. Vine Street, Fostoria, OH 44830
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