RESISTANCE

Underground Organization Within Insurgency

(Part 2)

by Andrew R. Molnar, et alii

"This is a continuation on the principles of cell organization, begun in our last issue, and reprinted from one of the classics of unconventional warfare: Department of the Army Pamphlet No. 550-104, Human Factors Considerations of Undergrounds and Insurgencies, dated September 1966. Once again, we remind our gentle readers that many of the techniques described below derive from those of communist organizations, and merely describe what worked as documented by Mr. Andrew Molnar on behalf of the Special Operations Research Office, The American University, Washington D.C."

Parallel Cells

Parallel Cells are frequently set up to support a primary cell. (see figure 4.)  This is done for several reasons.  First, it takes a great deal of time to reestablish cells and if there is a continuous flow of information the underground must have a back up cell in case the primary cell is compromised.  Secondly, in intelligence, duplicate cells are needed to verify pieces of information and to check the reliability of sources.  Parallel cells were set up as a protective measure by the Socialist Party in the anti-Nazi underground.(15)  Communist operations are conducted with as many as four or five independent and parallel intelligence organizations.(16)In various front groups parallel cells are used for clandestine support of underground members in front organizations who are seeking positions of authority or responsibility.

Cells in Series

In order to carry out such functions as the manufacture of weapons, supply, escape and evasion, propaganda, and printing of newspapers, a division of labor is required.  In the Haganah, clandestine workshops were established to produce small arms.  Materials were purchased from regular commercial sources and taken to legal workshops, each of which manufactured components of the weapons. Finally the parts were taken to an assembly plant. The operational cells as well as the operation were compartmentalized and operated in an efficient manner. Only the underground leader, who kept records of materials, storage, and transportation of the various parts concealed in the company records, was aware of the entire process. Each plant had an intelligence network to act as lookouts.(17)

A similar procedure is used in escape and evasion. The escape network is organized into a chain-like operation where the head of a safe home in the network knows only the next link in the chain and nothing more; and entire escape-and-evasion net is not known to any one individual.

In the Belgian underground six cells or sections were connected in a series to produce large-scale newspapers. One cell, composed of reporters, gathered the information and sent it to a second cell which was composed of editors, who wrote the material. One cell was charged with supply: that is, getting the ink, paper and lead. Another cell was in charge of administration -- keeping book and funds. An additional cell was in charge of the printing; and finally, through various other cells the newspaper was distributed.(18)

Often cells are expanded or assembled for a short period to carry out specific, special-mission tasks.  In Denmark, small, six-man cells were increased to ten-man sabotage teams in order to carry out large-scale missions.  The network eventually included ten teams of ten men each.  This was the maximum strength allowed for security considerations.(19)  In Greece, terror cells were organized for a particular mission and then dissolved in order to protect the security of the terrorist.(20)

COMMAND AND CONTROL

Within any organization there is a need for coordination not simply at single points in time but over a duration of time.  The complexities of coordination require some central control. The many activities must be centralized in order to provide subordinate units with services that they cannot provide for themselves.  Such functions as strategy, collection of funds, procurement of supplies, and intelligence and security services are usually performed at some central agency.(21)

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Within any organization there is a need for coordination -- not simply at single points in time but over a duration of time.

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In conventional organizations, centralization requires a high degree of coordination and coordination in turn requires a great deal of communication.  Communication is a serious vulnerability of most underground movements.  Frequent meetings, written messages, and records can be used by security forces to identify and destroy the underground organization.  There is a great deal of local autonomy with respect to specific actions which require adjustment to local conditions.  Tactical decisions are usually made independently by lower-echelon leaders in decentralized commands.(22)  Generally, when higher commands issue orders, they communicate them to lower echelons in the form of mission-type orders --- orders which say "do whatever is necessary to maximize a certain objective function."(23)

There are two factors that dictate this practice.  The first is that the local units probably know the situation better than the central command, and the second is the lower echelons are probably better prepared to make decisions with respect to implementation and time.  If a mission or action must be closely directed or there is a change in strategies and central command wishes to exercise tight control over the specific units, a liaison representative is usually sent directly to the units to assume control. For routine operations, however, direct control is seldom necessary. One factor which tends to unified action among decentralized units is the long, intensive common training given to the cadre before they depart to assume command of a local unit.

The high degree of decentralization, compartmentalization, mission-type orders and local autonomy of action is primarily a security measure to protect the organization from compromise and is most prominent in the early stages of the movement.  However, as the movement expands and the emphasis changes to overt action, main-force units are organized along the lines of conventional command and the underground units become less compartmentalized.  A centralized control structure with its direct orders tends to increase the effectiveness and speed of underground and guerrilla action.

There is generally a duplication of command structure with forward and rear elements playing roughly similar roles.  In Algeria there was an external command outside the country as well as an internal command within Algeria: in the Philippines there was an internal underground called the "politbureau-out," safely located in guerrilla-controlled territory. Similarly, in World War II much of the centralized underground activity was conducted by governments-in-exile and many of them were located in England. The purpose of the external command is to provide alternate command in case the internal one is captured, as well as to permit the necessary command work to take place in a relatively safe location. The internal command is responsible for the coordination of activities within the country.

This dual principle of leadership for security reasons may even extend down to the operational level. In the pre-World War II anti-Nazi underground two types of cells were used. One was composed of member who operated within the country but were directed by a leader who resided outside the country. This was a security measure to insure continued existence of the cell. A second type of cell was used in which the cadre and cell members both operated within the county. These cells were interconnected and operated through a common directing center. In this second type of cell, organizational security was sacrificed for organizational effectiveness.(24) However, the dual system of operation provided some balance between security and operational effectiveness.

Insurgents organize their areas of responsibility and administrative boundaries so that they do not coincide with those of the security forces.(25)  In this manner the insurgents take advantage of the interface problems which exists among government security forces.  In most organizations it is easier to send messages upward in the chain of command than it is to send messages laterally to comparable elements. Therefore, in many cases, the crossing of a city limit or a state line takes the insurgents out of one unit's jurisdiction and responsibility and places them under the jurisdiction of another unit of the security forces. The dlays and confusion caused by interface problems often provide the underground with the narrow margin of time to escape or go into hiding.

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Insurgents organize their areas of responsibility and administrative boundaries so that they do not coincide with those of the security forces ...

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If underground units are centralized or concentrated in one section of the country or segment of the population, as the OAS was in Algiers during the Algerian independence movement, it is relatively easy for security forces to concentrate all their efforts in this area in order to control and destroy the organization. For security reasons it is advantageous to have representatives in every part of the country, at every geographic location, and in every political unit. It is also functionally desirable to use existing organizations, such as unions, military organizations, and political parties, to achieve the purposes of the subversive movement.

In addition to decentralizing and leaving many decisions to lower-echelon units, undergrounds compartmentalize their activities. The result is an organization that is highly individualistic in its operations. This in itself is a security measure. for it makes it extremely difficult for security forces to identify the modus operandi of one cell or unit by uncovering or penetrating other cells.

ORGANIZATION AND EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS

In the development of an insurgent or revolutionary movement, there are many activities which are not visible to the casual observer. The organization and activities of an insurgent movement have been likened to an iceberg, with the bulk of the organization and its activities lying submerged and only the overt operations of the guerrillas being visible.(26) (See figure 6.)

In a protracted revolution, organizational activities of the underground undergo various changes. Although the phases of change can be identified, they do not necessarily follow a fixed pattern of development. They may overlap and their evolutionary progress may vary in different parts of the country due to local conditions.

In the clandestine organizational phase, the underground begins by setting up cells, recruiting, training, and testing cadres, infiltrating key industrial labor unions and national organizations, establishing external support, and establishing a base in a safe area. During this phase the organization is small and highly compartmentalized. Cell size is kept small and new cells are added. Operational-type cells are usually maintained with three members each, and intelligence-type cell structures are used for those agents infiltrating key installations and organizations. 

In the psychological offensive phase, the underground capitalizes upon dissatisfaction and desire for change by exploiting tension created by social, economic, and political differences. Through strikes, demonstrations, and agitation, a wider atmosphere of discontent is generated. Covert underground agents in mass organizations act in concerted effort with agitators who call for demonstrations and through subversive manipulation turn them into riots. Underground activities are directed at discrediting the police and the military and government authorities. Operational terror cells in many parts of the country operate through the selective use of threats, intimidation, and assassination. The total number of cells in the underground is increased; cells in series are created in order to run underground newspapers, make large agitation efforts, and undertake other large scale coordinated activities through-out the country.

In its expansion phase, after its disruptive activities create unrest and uncertainty, the movement seeks to crystallize public support for a strong organization that will restore order. The emphasis is put on recruiting people through mass organizations and winning popular support for change. Auxiliary cells are created to accommodate new members. Support is built up in front groups and created in other national organizations by covert members. An effort is also made to establish a national political front of many organizations. Trained cadres create new cells and mass organizations. Auxiliary cells are created to handle the influx of new members. Recruiting progresses from being highly selective in the early stages to mass recruitment in the communities and rural areas, and ultimately to drafting young men and women.

The overt activities of the militarization phase draw general attention to the insurgent movement. A guerrilla force is formed to harass the government military force. In its tactics the insurgent military force avoids conventional fixed military fronts; there is a quick concentration for action and an immediate disengagement and dispersal after fighting.

The guerrilla strategy generally follows the three stages outlined by Mao Tse-tung.(27) The first is called strategic defense. Because the government forces are usually superior, the guerrillas concentrate on harassment, surprise raids, ambushes, and assassinations; they try to force the government troops to extend their supply lines. Since their primary aim is control of people rather than territory, they readily trade territory to preserve the guerrilla force.

The second stage begins when the government forces stop their advance and concentrate on holding territory. As men, arms, and supplies are acquired, the guerrillas attack larger government forces and installations. In this situation, the government is prepared to fight conventional war but the guerrillas are dispersed and capitalize on their speed and mobility. Thus, harassment wears down the government troops while the guerrillas are organizing and building their army. As Mao says, "Our strategy is one against ten and our tactics are ten against one."(28)

The third stage referred to by Mao is the counteroffensive. This begins when the guerrilla army becomes sufficiently well-trained and well-equipped to meet the government forces. The guerrillas seek to create liberated areas; within these areas of control, they build up additional military forces.

The guerrilla force is established only after the leadership has decided that the revolutionary structure is strong enough to support its own army. Underground agents infiltrate towns and villages and begin clandestine recruiting of villages into front groups and local militias, they train and indoctrinate key recruits. Later these groups become feeder organizations for the regional and main-force units.

As the insurgent internal supply arm, the underground purchases supplies, either on the black market or in the legal market through front organizations. They raid warehouse, and set up factories in urban areas. Supply sources outside the country are also tapped through firms that import under non-contraband labels from friendly governments. Caches are maintained throughout the countryside.

The underground provides transportation to move supplies, concealing the load or otherwise discouraging the authorities from making an inspection. As part of the transportation system, storage facilities are provided in houses, central locations, and remote areas.

External sources, such as foreign governments or fraternal societies, are tapped for funds. Internally, loans are obtained from wealthy sympathizers. Other techniques used to raise funds include selling items from door-to-door, robbing wealthy individuals and business firms, coercing people into making contributions, levying taxes in controlled areas, counterfeiting.

National organizations are subverted by underground members who join the organization and represent themselves as dedicated, loyal members worthy of leadership positions. With the aid of underground cells among rank-and-file members of the organizations and a system of rewards, bribes, and coercive techniques, the underground obtains control of many social and political organizations.

The underground forms front groups when it is unable to infiltrate existing organizations. These front groups espouse some worthy cause that will enlist the support of respectable members of the community, but the underground members keep the leadership in their own hands.

The underground communicates propaganda messages by radio, newspapers, pamphlets, word-of-mouth, and slogans and symbols printed on walls. Agitators operate covertly trying to crystallize sentiment for the insurgents. Armed propaganda units go from village to village lecturing on the ways of the organization. Demonstrations are used to show dissatisfaction with the government and commitment to the insurgents. Another technique is to encourage the populace to use passive resistance. By capitalizing on long-standing antagonisms and resistance, the underground attempts to get neutral groups involved in demonstrations. The demonstrators are then moved toward violence as underground agitators create events which lead security forces to take action against the crowd. Through a precipitation event such as an assassination and through the use of agitators within the crowd, subversive agents convert civil demonstrations into riots and violence.

The underground uses terrorism not only to instill fear but to draw attention to the movement and to demonstrate in a dramatic way the strength and seriousness of its operation. A small strong-arm unit, such as most undergrounds maintain to protect their members, may also be used against informers and people who cooperated with the enemy. Because terror is a state of mind, the underground must carefully assess the reactions that follow the use of it.

In selective sabotage the underground attempts to incapacitate installations that cannot easily be replaced or repaired in time to meet the government's crucial needs. Special attention is directed at tactical targets, such as bridges. Sabotage acts are also undertaken to encourage the populace to engage in general acts of destruction. This general sabotage is carried out with such simple devices as molotov cocktails, tin-can grenades, and devices to cause fire or damage to small items of equipment.

The underground infiltrates agents into governments, military, and police organizations and establishes an intelligence organization. Agents living in villages and towns also provide the guerrilla forces with tactical intelligence and local movement of the government forces.

The underground establishes escape-and-evasion operations. Egress routes that direct persons away from lines of battle are set up and fugitives are hidden in secret lodging, in remote areas, or with guerrilla units.

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One of the most important functions of the underground is the creation of shadow governments.

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Finally, there is the consolidation phase. While military operations are under way, the insurgent underground continues its political actions. One of the most important functions of the underground is the creation of shadow governments. Initially, infiltrated agents establish covert cells within a village or a city. Next, small front organizations are created. Through "persuasion," or with the aid of guerrilla forces, "elections" are held and liberation committees selected on which underground members as well as local villagers are represented. Schools, courts, and other institutions which influence the minds and actions of men are brought under the control of the shadow government. The people within the villages are brought into mass organizations for indoctrination and control over their actions. Undergrounds do not rely on goodwill alone. When in control of an area, they occasionally resort to the elimination of all opposition, and the establishment of covert surveillance systems within the new mass organizations and the civil government. Village by village, the underground takes over and finally governmental support is eroded and an entire area is controlled by the insurgents.

ORGANIZATIONAL INFLUENCES UPON MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR

The character as well as the structure of the underground is influenced by the background of the persons who organized it. It will reflect the military, political, or organizational backgrounds of its organizers. The membership in time will be affected by the predominant characteristics of the movement. The leaders of the movement tend to work within former organizations to attract members to the underground and consequently the character of such organizations influences the form and character of the underground organization.

The discipline and sanctions imposed upon members are usually a function of the effectiveness of the security forces. If the security forces are highly effective, the underground tends to be very secretive and disciplined, with severe sanctions for any deviations from the rules of the organization.

Constraints upon what an individual can or cannot do are implicit in organizational membership. Rules for decision-making and communications prescribe certain forms of behavior which members must follow. In addition, organizational rewards and punishments offer new motives and incentive, specifically influencing the member's daily activities and how he performs them.

The structure of an organization will, in itself, influence an individual's behavior. In guerrilla organizations, for example, behavior is conditioned by the kind of unit in which the individual is involved. Mobile main forces are usually large, well-disciplined units, requiring conventional military behavior. Regional forces are made up of smaller units composed of friends and neighbors within a village: operations are only on a part time basis and discipline is less rigid. In the underground structure, an individual's behavior is affected by the kind of cell to which he belongs. Members of auxiliary cells work intimately with a large number of people: a member of an operational cell comes in contact with only two or three other members; and a member of an intelligence cell never comes directly in contact with other members of the underground. The type of organizational unit in which an underground member finds himself also determines whether he works individually, as a member of a small group, or as part of a large military unit, what sort of discipline is exercised, and finally, whether he works at home with long-time friends and relatives or away from home with new-found friends or strangers.

The nature of the organizational command-control structure also tends to influence an individual's motivation and behavior. He many follow a strict organizational pattern of behavior or be free to take independent action depending on whether the organization is highly centralized or decentralized. The type of command order, a direct or general group order, will affect an individual's reaction and subsequent behavior. The frequency of command communication determines the extent of individual guidance and control. Behavior is also affected by whether the communications are direct or clandestine through mail-drops or intermediaries.

An individual's tasks and responsibilities influence his motivation. For example, a cadre member, because of his responsible position and power, is likely to be more willing to adopt organizational goals and presumably requires less indoctrination and motivational incentive than other members. A guerrilla in a remote redoubt, having relatively little interaction with people outside the movement, may not have a strong ideological sense of commitment, but an underground member involved in agitation and propaganda among the masses may find himself believing the propaganda he daily dispenses. Similarly, an underground intelligence cell member who is required to assume a pro-government facade, in order to protect himself from discovery, is greatly influenced in his mode of behavior by the facade.

An underground may also require certain patterns of behavior in order to create a favorable image. Members frequently are prohibited from taking anything from the people without paying for it; there are usually strict rules regarding sex relations among underground members; undergrounders may be directed to befriend certain segments of the population in order to influence them to support the movement.

The phase of insurgent development affects the organizational structure of an underground and, in turn, shapes the behavior of underground members. During the clandestine phase of development, for instance, members refrain form doing anything which draws attention to themselves or to the organization. However, during the psychological offensive and expansion or militarization phases, members adopt a more overt role and attempt to draw the popular attention avoided earlier. Finally, in the consolidation phase, the underground member assumes the role of just and fair administrator in establishing a shadow government.

 

FOOTNOTES

15 E.K. Bramstedt, Dictatorship and Political Police: the Technique of Control by Fear (New York: Oxford University Press, 1945), p. 196.

16 Koestler, "The Initiates," p. 26.

17 Gerhon Rivlin, "Some Aspects of Clandestine Arms Production and Arms Smuggling," Inspection for Disarmament. ed. Seymour Melman (New York: Columbia University Press. 1958). p. 153

18 Tanham. "Belgian Underground." pp. 221-26

19 Lillelund, "Sabotage." p. 52.

20 Andrew R. Molnar, et al., Undergrounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary and Resistance Warfare (Washington, D.C.: Special Operations Research Office, 1963) p. 306

21 Kenneth J. Arrow, "Control .....

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More Footnotes for this article to be Added Soon

PRINTER FRIENDLY VERSION OF THIS ARTICLE!

    American Rebel Militias goal is NOT the overthrow or even the attempted overthrow of the defacto US Federal government of ZOG.  YHVH our God is bringing about the utter collapse of that criminal regime.  YAHWEH is more than able to bring His Judgment down upon ZOG without any needed help or assistance from us, and indeed YHVH is doing so!  Our goal here at ARM HQ is to help prepare our Kinsmen in North America to do their duty by helping to enable and insure the survival and salvage of that part of our Folk and Culture that are truly part of the Christian White Aryan Remnant of YHVH. ARM encourages White Christians to train and prepare to exercise their inherent inalienable right of self-defence, both individually and collectively. Psalm 144, Psalm 149, Luke 22:36 & EPHESIANS 6:11-14.

 

The United States of ZOG is Cursed

1: And it shall come to pass, if thou shalt hearken diligently unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe and to do all his commandments which I command thee this day, that the LORD thy God will set thee on high above all nations of the earth:
2: And all these blessings shall come on thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God.
3: Blessed shalt thou be .......

7: The LORD shall cause thine enemies that rise up against thee to be smitten before thy face: they shall come out against thee one way, and flee before thee seven ways.
8: The LORD shall command the blessing upon thee in thy storehouses, and in all that thou settest thine hand unto; and he shall bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.
9: The LORD shall establish thee an holy people unto himself, as he hath sworn unto thee, if thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, and walk in his ways.
10: And all people of the earth shall see that thou art called by the name of the LORD; and they shall be afraid of thee.

14: And thou shalt not go aside from any of the words which I command thee this day, to the right hand, or to the left, to go after other gods to serve them.
15: But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day; that all these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee:
16: Cursed shalt thou be .......

25: The LORD shall cause thee to be smitten before thine enemies: thou shalt go out one way against them, and flee seven ways before them: and shalt be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth.

45: Moreover all these curses shall come upon thee, and shall pursue thee, and overtake thee, till thou be destroyed; because thou hearkenedst not unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which he commanded thee:
46: And they shall be upon thee for a sign and for a wonder, and upon thy seed for ever.
47: Because thou servedst not the LORD thy God with joyfulness, and with gladness of heart, for the abundance of all things;
48: Therefore shalt thou serve thine enemies which the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee.
49: The LORD shall bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as swift as the eagle flieth; a nation whose tongue thou shalt not understand;
50: A nation of fierce countenance, which shall not regard the person of the old, nor shew favour to the young:
51: And he shall eat the fruit of thy cattle, and the fruit of thy land, until thou be destroyed: which also shall not leave thee either corn, wine, or oil, or the increase of thy kine, or flocks of thy sheep, until he have destroyed thee.
52: And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates, until thy high and fenced walls come down, wherein thou trustedst, throughout all thy land: and he shall besiege thee in all thy gates throughout all thy land, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.

DEUTERONOMY 28: 1-68 of the HOLY BIBLE (King James Version)

 

 

Our Actions will match the Word of God.

 

11 Put on the whole armor of God, that you may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil.
12 For your conflict is not only with flesh and blood, but also with the angels, and with powers, with the rulers of this world of darkness, and with the evil spirits under the heavens.
13 Therefore put on the whole armor of God, that you may be able to meet the evil one, and being prepared you shall prevail.
14 Arise, therefore, gird your loins with truth and put on the breastplate of righteousness;

                       EPHESIANS 6:11-14 
The HOLY BIBLE from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts - LAMSA

 

~ Our Actions will match our words. ~

 

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